The Expedition of Tabuk (Ghazwat al-Usrah)

In response to Byzantine military mobilizations on the northern frontier, the Prophet ﷺ called for a campaign during intense summer heat, drought, and harvest season — earning the name **Ghazwat al-Usrah** (The Campaign of Hardship). Abu Bakr gave 100% of his wealth; Umar gave 50%; Uthman equipped an entire third of the army (300 camels and 1,000 dinars), prompting the Prophet ﷺ to say: 'Nothing Uthman does after today can harm him.' 30,000 Muslims marched 500 km to Tabuk. The Roman legions retreated without engagement, cementing the northern borders of the Islamic state. Upon return, Ka'b ibn Malik and two companions who lagged behind admitted their fault honestly and were divinely forgiven after 50 days of social boycott.